When it comes to measuring the impact of workouts on the body and tracking changes there are a methods that combine direct and indirect approaches.

Hormones play a role, in regulating physiological responses and adaptations during exercise. To assess these changes we can utilize the following methods;

• Blood Tests; The reliable way to measure hormones is through blood assays. By taking samples after exercise we can determine concentrations of hormones such as testosterone, cortisol, insulin, growth hormone and thyroid hormones. Multiple samples over time help illustrate how these hormones respond acutely to workouts and recover.
• Saliva Tests; To measure hormones like cortisol and testosterone in an invasive manner saliva tests come in handy. These tests are particularly useful when frequent sampling is necessary or when drawing blood could potentially affect hormone levels due to stress.
• Urine Tests; Urine analysis allows us to evaluate hormone production and breakdown by examining the byproducts of hormone metabolism. While this approach may not provide workout changes with great specificity it does give insights into longer term shifts, in hormone levels.
• Bioimpedance Analysis (BIA); Although BIA doesn't directly measure changes it can evaluate alterations, in body composition, which can be affected by hormones. BIA devices use an current to estimate fat mass, lean body mass and body water.
• Dexa Scan (DXA); energy X ray absorptiometry is an imaging technique that provides data on bone density and body composition. Tracking changes over time can indicate the impact of hormones like testosterone and growth hormone on muscle mass and bone density.
• Heart Rate Variability (HRV); HRV measures the interval between heartbeats than hormones directly. It can serve as an indicator of the balance in the autonomic nervous system, which is influenced by hormonal responses to stress and exercise.
• Physical Performance Tests; While not a direct measure of activity performance tests (such as strength assessments, time trials or VO2 max tests) can showcase the outcomes of changes due to their influence, on muscle function, metabolism and recovery.
• Subjective factors such, as mood, energy levels and perceived exertion can be influenced by changes. These changes can be tracked by filling out questionnaires or keeping journals.

Certain wearable fitness devices have the capability to indirectly reflect influences by monitoring parameters like sleep patterns, heart rate and activity levels.

To ensure results it is crucial to maintain testing conditions, including the time of day nutritional status and overall stress levels. These factors can all impact measurements.

Lastly it is important to interpret these measurements in the context of your health and fitness goals. Responses to exercise vary greatly among individuals. What may be considered a normal response for one person could indicate overtraining or insufficient recovery for another.

For understanding on the response to exercise you may refer to the article "Effects of physical exercise on the female reproductive system" published in the Journal of Endocrinological Investigation (link; [insert link]).

To explore how heart rate variability (HRV) can be used in training for improved performance you might find value, in reading "Heart Rate Variability; Using Biofeedback to Improve Athletic Performance" (link; [ link]).

If you're interested, in learning about how Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) works for analyzing body composition I recommend checking out this article titled "Bioelectrical impedance analysis–part I; review of principles and methods" available at (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2598419/).

For guidelines on collecting and analyzing blood samples to measure hormones the World Anti Doping Agency provides a range of resources. You can find them at (https://www.wada ama.org/en/resources/laboratory testing/procedures involved in the testing process).

To ensure interpretation of these measurements and their integration, into a training program it's essential to consult with a healthcare provider or a specialized sport scientist.